The supply of and demand for labor within a specific geographic area, industry, or profession. HR professionals monitor labour market trends to understand talent availability, competition for skilled workers, and compensation benchmarks.

The temporary or permanent termination of employment for reasons such as organisational restructuring, downsizing, or financial constraints. Layoffs typically result in the reduction of the workforce and may involve severance packages for affected employees.

The process of identifying, nurturing, and developing leadership skills and capabilities among employees at all levels of the organisation. Leadership development programs aim to cultivate effective leaders who can inspire, motivate, and guide teams to achieve organisational goals.

The process of administering and overseeing employee absences from work, including vacation time, sick leave, personal leave, and other types of authorised time off. It involves establishing policies, procedures, and systems to track, approve, and manage employee leave requests while ensuring compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and company policies.

An approved period during which an employee is excused from work duties for reasons such as illness, injury, personal reasons, family responsibilities, or military service. Leaves of absence may be paid or unpaid, depending on company policies and applicable laws.

The function within HR responsible for designing, delivering, and evaluating training and development programs to enhance employee skills, competencies, and performance. L&D initiatives aim to support employee growth, career advancement, and organisational success.